5) Spelling Rules

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1. So-called kreska consonants (ć, dź, ń, ś, ź) are spelled with an acute mark only at word-end and before consonants; otherwise, they are spelled as c, dz, s, z, n plus a following i: dzień (“dźeń”), nie (“ńe”). Before the vowel i itself, no extra i is needed: ci  (“ći”/to you).

2. Certain instances of b, p, w, f, m are latently soft (b’, p’, w’, f’, m’), meaning that they will be treated as soft (in effect, as if kreska consonants) before vowels. In the spelling, they will be followed by i. Compare paw (peacock), plural pawie (paw'-e/peacocks).

3. The letter y can be written only after a hard consonant (see below) or after c, cz, dz, rz, sz, ż. The letter i after the consonants c, dz, n, s, z always indicates the pronunciations ć, dź, ń, ś, ź, respectively. Only i, never y, is written after l or j.

4. The letter e is usually separated from a preceding k or g by i, indicating a change before e of k, g to k', g': jakie (“jak’e”), drogie (“drog’e”).

5. The letter j is dropped after a vowel before i: stoję (I stand) but stoisz (you stand); mój (my) but moi (my--masc. pers .pl.)